Something to understand is that Accommodations and Exemptions are not two completely different things, they are inter-related. Typically in an Accommodation, the individual requesting it is asking to be permitted to meet a requirement in a different way, rather than be exempt entirely from the requirement. In an Exemption, however, the individual requesting it is asking that the given requirement not apply to them at all. Often, for an Exemption to be granted, the educational institution or employer will require something similar to an Accommodation in lieu of the requirement--but this will be proposed by the organization evaluating the request, rather than by the individual, as with an Accommodation request.
Exemptions based on disability or diagnosed medical condition(s). This is the most widely approved category of Exemptions for people with diagnosed disabilities or medical conditions that prevent them from fulfilling any given requirement. Employers and institutions of higher education in all 50 states must recognize exemptions that are based on disability or medical condition, and are permitted to ask for reasonable documentation to substantiate the request if it is for a condition or disabilit
Exemptions based on a person's sincerely held religious belief(s) that prevents them from fulfilling any given requirement. A convergence of employment and Constitutional law, religious exemptions are recognized by employers and institutions of higher education in all 50 states. However, the American system of Federalism allows the policies of K-12 schools to be determined locally by each state. There are currently 44 states that recognize religious exemptions in K-12 schools, and 6 that do not.
Exemptions based on sincerely held ethical or philosophical beliefs that are not necessarily religious. This category of Exemptions really only comes into play with K-12 schools, they are not a basis for exemption in employment or higher education. Currently, 15 states allow philosophical exemptions for children in K-12 based on the moral or ethical beliefs of their parents. For a comprehensive list of states that allow philosophical exemptions, please visit our Free Resources page.